]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. dividesEvenly (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">dividesEvenly</a> NUMBER MULTIPLE) means there is integer N such that N times NUMBER is MULTIPLE. NUMBER and MULTIPLE are restricted to being instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>. Divides Evenly 2 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-contain-verb-4 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-divisor-noun-1 seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> <b>THING</b> <b>URI</b>)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI NonTerminatingTransitivePredicate The collection of all antisymmetric <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransitiveBinaryPredicate</a>s such that if (PRED ARG1 ARG2) there exists an ARG3 different from ARG1 and ARG2 such that (PRED ARG2 ARG3). non terminating transitive predicate TestOWLExportConcept test OWL export concept A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r9fut4P7NEdmAAAACs2IKaQ" class="cyc_term">TestOWLExportConcept</a> are concepts each of which tests some aspect of the new export schema. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9mupZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgFormatPredicate</a> (q.v.) used to place a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) constraint on the first (or &quot;arg1&quot;) argument-place of a given predicate. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWGIa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arg1Format</a> PRED FORMAT) means that PRED's arg1 is constrained to FORMAT. See the reified instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> for further details. arg1Format Arg 1 Format OrderingPredicate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcn7lJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TransitiveBinaryPredicate</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViDzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectPredicate</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLl9eqhRLEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">OrderingPredicate</a> is an antisymmetric, transitive, binary predicate that can be used for ordering a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo5pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Series</a> (q.v.) in such a way that the predicate relates each member of the series to each subsequent member. An ordering predicate can also be used for similarly ordering the instances of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rkBjx4Dg4EdaAAACgye4oEQ" class="cyc_term">CollectionWithAnEventLikeOrder</a> (q.v.). <p/> For spatial predicates that can be used to order <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEy5uJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalSeries</a>, see the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLpnbSBRLEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">SpatialOrderingPredicate</a>. ordering relation arg2Format Arg 2 Format An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9mupZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgFormatPredicate</a> (q.v.) used to place a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> (q.v.) constraint on the second (or &quot;arg2&quot;) argument-place of a given predicate. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVoULZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arg2Format</a> <b>PRED</b> <b>FORMAT</b>)</code> means that <code><b>PRED</b></code>'s arg2 is constrained to <code><b>FORMAT</b></code>. See the reified instances <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViaHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Format</a> for further details. A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> used for stating that a given relation takes a specified number of arguments. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> <b>RELN</b> <b>N</b>)</code> means that that semantic well-formedness requires that <code><b>RELN</b></code> take exactly <code><b>N</b></code> arguments at a time. That is, a formula <code>(<b>RELN</b> <b>ARG</b><small>1</small> ... <b>ARG</b><small><b>M</b></small>)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code><b>M</b></code> = <code><b>N</b></code>. <p/> For example, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a> of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> is 2. <p/> Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWAXgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Askable</a>. arity arity An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rCChXalCpEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">SpecificEntryFormatPredicate</a> (q.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhsHcilCqEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">openEntryFormatInArgs</a> <b>PRED</b> <b>N</b>)</code> means that, for any particular way of fixing the other arguments to <code><b>PRED</b></code> besides the <code><b>N</b></code>th, there might be any number (including zero) of things such that, if taken as the <code><b>N</b></code>th argument, <code><b>PRED</b></code> holds of those arguments. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhsHcilCqEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">openEntryFormatInArgs</a> holds of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">biologicalMother</a> with respect to its first argument-place, since a given female animal might have any number of offspring. <p/> Unlike the other reified instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rCChXalCpEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">SpecificEntryFormatPredicate</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhsHcilCqEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">openEntryFormatInArgs</a> actually places no restriction at all on what <code><b>PRED</b></code> might or might not hold of with respect to the specified argument-place. But one should not infer from this that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhsHcilCqEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">openEntryFormatInArgs</a> assertions are pointless; for they forestall duplication of effort by serving notice that the entry-format of a given argument-place has previously been considered and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhsHcilCqEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">openEntryFormatInArgs</a> was deemed appropriate. <p/> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhsHcilCqEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">openEntryFormatInArgs</a> is the most commonly-encountered specific entry-format in the Cyc Knowledge Base. Contrast with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1Sp9BFCrEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">singleEntryFormatInArgs</a>. openEntryFormatInArgs Open Entry Format In Args reflexive binary predicate The specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryPredicate</a> whose instances are reflexive relations. A reflexive binary predicate relates anything that meets the predicate's argument constraints to that thing itself. Typically, a reflexive predicate has precisely the same constraints on both of its argument-places. <p/> More precisely: a binary predicate <code><b>PRED</b></code> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWPTrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReflexiveBinaryPredicate</a> if and only if both (i) for every <code><b>X</b></code> that satisfies the constraints on (i.e is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQVpy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">admittedArgument</a> for) <i>both</i> argument-places of <code><b>PRED</b></code>, <code>(<b>PRED</b> <b>X</b> <b>X</b>)</code> holds and (ii) <code><b>PRED</b></code>'s two argument-places are &quot;co-satisfiable&quot; with respect to their (single-argument) type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMAu9NKNbQdeYcfFK9WMtAA" class="cyc_term">cosatisfiableInArgs</a> and <font color="#ff0000">#$NoteOnArgumentCosatisfiabilityRequirement</font>). <p/> Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWPTrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReflexiveBinaryPredicate</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjXDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">inRegion</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genls</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">equals</a>. ReflexiveBinaryPredicate dividesEvenly (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">dividesEvenly</a> NUMBER MULTIPLE) means there is integer N such that N times NUMBER is MULTIPLE. NUMBER and MULTIPLE are restricted to being instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>. Divides Evenly quotedIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDeDIGEW0EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raOoTci9qEdma4AACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is &quot;implicitly quoted&quot; (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHb_bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <b>THING</b> <b>EXPR-TYPE</b>)</code> does <i>not</i> mean that <code><b>THING</b></code> itself is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular <i>CycL expression</i> appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code><b>EXPR-TYPE</b></code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). <p/> This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is <i>not</i> a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4oJWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjg7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an <i>explicitly</i> quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) <font color="#ff0000">#$PublicConstant</font>). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. <p/> For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an <i>open</i> expression, see the accompanying <font color="#ff0000">#$cyclistNotes</font>. Quoted Isa dividesEvenly (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">dividesEvenly</a> NUMBER MULTIPLE) means there is integer N such that N times NUMBER is MULTIPLE. NUMBER and MULTIPLE are restricted to being instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Integer</a>. Divides Evenly WordNetWorkflowConstant-NotFullyReviewed word net workflow constant not fully reviewed The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzSRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLConstant</a>s created from the import of concepts from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtfZxnO-3QdibF4NWtMhnaQ" class="cyc_term">WordNet_Version2_0</a> that have not yet been fully reviewed by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanCyclist</a>.