]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. visual information source VisualInformationBearingThing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> (which, unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>, are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> -- sources of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> given above except for the television set). See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a>. visual information sources representation representations RailwaySignal railway signal A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Signal</a>; each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rFy1yzkJ6EdqAAAACs0x8nw" class="cyc_term">RailwaySignal</a> indicates the beginning of a section of track that may have to be shared with other trains; thus it regulates whether trains can move or stop. VirtualReality A hypothetical three-dimensional visual world created by a computer; user wears special goggles and fiber optic gloves etc., and can enter and move about in this world and interact with objects as if inside it. virtual reality image source StillImageSource A collection of artifacts; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEO8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Model_Artifact</a> is a tangible object designed to resemble and/or represent some other object, which may or may not exist tangibly. For example, an architectural model for a proposed public building; a souvenir model of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyXliZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheWhiteHouse</a>; a scale model of a dinosaur skeleton; a miniature room and furnishings copying a real house. The function, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEPOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModelFn</a>, is used to designate the collection of models of a collection of objects. Model-Artifact model imprint Imprint photograph about San Diego Bay (SubcollectionOfWithRelationToFn Photograph visuallyDepicts SanDiegoBay) (PicturesFn JeffGordon) Jeff Gordon picture nameplate Nameplate a small sign bearing a person's name, near their office or workplace. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualMark</a> is a visible marking on some tangible object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen). This collection is not to be confused with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarkingOnASurface</a>, which is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s which consist, naturally, in making a mark on a surface. See also the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIjnh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">marks</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwASO-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">markCreated</a>. VisualMark marking Gesture A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gesture</a> is a configuration of body parts (usually animal body parts) that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding (whether explicit or instinctive) of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gesture</a>s may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEMDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a> ). Note that, as defined in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a>, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>s producing the arrangement. For representation of the actions, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a>. gesture The collection of items set on a stage [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEL2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StageForPerformances</a>] in a play [#$Play-Dramatic] or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjM8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StageProduction</a>, the set in a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MovieShowing</a>, etc. The prop is intended to represent an instance of some type of object, but may very well not actually be such. prop StageProp EEGReadout EEG readout An image produced by an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVu1fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ElectroEncephalographMachine</a>. This may appear on a computer screen, or it may be printed out on paper. EEG readouts basically consist of a number of parallel lines, each of which forms multiple peaks and valleys. toon The collection of drawings of characters. The following 4 facts are often but not always true about them: 1: Their characters are doing some action. 2: They involve social or political commentary. 3: They involve humorous or satirical content. 4: They are often part of cartoons strips. Some are animated moving pictures (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP0EJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cartoon_Animated</a>) others are still, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvW1cLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cartoon_Still</a>. Cartoon OuijaSet a device consisting of a small board, or planchette, on legs that rest on a larger board marked (typically) with the letters of the alphabet arranged in two curved rows, the numerals 1-0 in a row under the letters, the words 'yes' and 'no' in the upper corners, and the phrase 'good bye' at the bottom. Typically, two people sit facing each other and place their fingers on the planchette, which eventually begins to move and point to letters, numbers, etc. on the larger board, spelling out a (possibly cryptic) message or answer to a question. Ouija sets were invented and patented in the U.S. around 1890. Parker Bros. currently owns the rights and manufactures ouija sets. Ouija board PornographicPicture <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD6Hb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PornographicPicture</a> is a collection of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> each of which depicts <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQwdOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SexualBehavior</a> in a graphic manner that is judged by some sectors of a particular community to be obscene. pornographic picture TrafficLight A thing which usually hangs over roads near intersections and tells cars when they must stop, go, or slow. stoplight work of art A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdCO4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> is a physical object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, quilt, or stained glass composition. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> does not include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, but its instances need not have any propositional content. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEMDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a>, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwMcZI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">artisticWorksCreated</a>. ArtObject Facets-Generic facets-Generic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TaxonomicSlotForCollections</a> and a specialization (via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvhOImJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typeGenls</a> (q.v.). This is the most general of the "faceting" predicates. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjldVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Generic</a> COL COLTYPE)</code> means that <code>COLTYPE</code> corresponds to one way of dividing <code>COL</code> into subcollections. The instances of <code>COLTYPE</code> are all "the same sort" of subcollection of <code>COL</code>. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rhz6DbnSwEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">MovieTypeByGenre</a> facets <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv973YpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Movie_CW</a> according to movie-genre; the former's instances thus include such collections as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0pzgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WesternMovie</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFmUH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HorrorMovie</a>. And <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYZUSFovbQdeY8PrkLdTqKA" class="cyc_term">FunctionTypeByRangeType</a> facets <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a> according to the type of thing a given function returns as values; the former's instances thus include such collections as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj62ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualDenotingFunction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionDenotingFunction</a>. Note that generic faceting does not entail that the instances of <code>COLTYPE</code> are mutually disjoint. Thus, a given film might be an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCRfN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChildrensMovie</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2VcW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ActionMovie</a>. Note also that generic faceting does not entail that every instance of <code>COL</code> falls under some instance of <code>COLTYPE</code>. Thus, consider the universal identity function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSspMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IdentityFn</a>. Its range of values is so broad that it does not fall under any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYZUSFovbQdeY8PrkLdTqKA" class="cyc_term">FunctionTypeByRangeType</a>. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjldVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Generic</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv86JWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Covering</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcZ1FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Strict</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwA9k15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Partition</a>, as well as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgQmwRl2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearCovering</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rRA9CIljCEdiRSAACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearStrict</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rRA9CJFjCEdiRSAACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">facets_NearPartition</a>. Whenever possible, one of these more specific predicates should be used. type of temporally stuff-like thing TemporalStuffType A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> (q.v.) whose instances are all and only those collections that are temporally stuff-like. A collection <code>COL</code> is temporally stuff-like just in case every purely temporal part (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a>) of an instance of <code>COL</code> is itself an instance of <code>COL</code>, unless it is a temporal part of a temporal granule of <code>COL</code> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a>). More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a> it is both a necessary and sufficient condition that for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code> (with <code>OBJ2</code> at or above <code>COL</code>'s temporal granularity level), if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> OBJ1 OBJ2)</code>, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. Take an arbitrary instance <code>WALK</code> of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary time-slice <code>SUBWALK</code> of <code>WALK</code> that subsumes at least one instance of (the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">granuleOfTemporalStuff</a> for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViYBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TakingAStep</a> (say her trip back from the end of the runway). <code>SUBWALK</code> is itself an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a>. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi0gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WalkingOnTwoLegs</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalStuffType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViq35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TemporalObjectType</a> for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like. InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic A collection of things created by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>s. These creations may be either tangible (like a hammer, a bowl, or a bridge) or intangible (like a set of laws, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjSEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a>, or Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). Thus, the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a>s is partitioned into <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtisp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a> (q.v.). Artifact-Generic generic artifact SpatiallyDisjointObjectType type of object whose instances do not physically overlap A collection of collections and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is a collection C of spatial things (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>), where each of the spatial things in C is spatially disjoint with the other spatial things in C. For example, the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a>, since dogs do not spatially overlap. Even pregnant dogs do not spatially overlap the pups they bear; rather, pregnant dogs contain their unborn pups. Other instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwVGrQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LatitudeLine</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvW4n1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompactDisc_Audio</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwR7UWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlanetaryBody</a>. An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpPHhAOB1EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointObjectType</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjlE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatiallyDisjointRegionType</a> (a collection of specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViACZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicalRegion</a>, such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjnZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">City</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwT-n15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrueContinent</a>). visual information source A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> (which, unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>, are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> -- sources of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> given above except for the television set). See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a>. VisualInformationBearingThing Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1VKBbji8Ed2AAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Document</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r1-G8dDi8Ed2AAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Image</a> is either an abstract or concrete image of some sort. Significant specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r2KtDHji8Ed2AAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Image_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgYvyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerImageFile</a>. image Image The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYbXiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType QA clarifying collection type The collection of all subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> whose instances share a common visually discernible feature-type with respect to its visual content, such as depicts a celebrity or is of an underwater scene. Every instance <code>IBTTYPE</code> of this collection stands in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rT5QI1iYsEdqAAAAH6Q2Zvw" class="cyc_term">visualIBTTypeVisualFeatureTypeDefinedByRelnAndType</a> relation to an instance <code>PRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTDYtfCYsEdqAAAAH6Q2Zvw" class="cyc_term">VisualIBTVisualFeaturePredicate</a> and a collection <code>COLL</code>, by which it is defined as the most general subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> whose instances all stand in the <code>PRED</code> relation to some instance of <code>COLL</code> (i.e., <code>IBTTYPE</code> is the most general subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> such that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzQpxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">relationAllExists</a> PRED IBTTYPE COLL)</code>). For example, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rT5QI1iYsEdqAAAAH6Q2Zvw" class="cyc_term">visualIBTTypeVisualFeatureTypeDefinedByRelnAndType</a> VisualIBTThatDepictsACelebrity <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4C-JZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Celebrity</a>)</code> identifies VisualIBTThatDepictsACelebrity as the collection of visual IBTs that depict at least one celebrity, i.e., as the most general collection <code>IBTTYPE</code> of instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> such that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzQpxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">relationAllExists</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a> IBTTYPE <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4C-JZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Celebrity</a>)</code>. VisualIBTTypeByVisualFeatureType visual IBT type by visual feature type information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv8RaTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYyDjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv65Pt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. visual information source A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> (which, unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>, are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> -- sources of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> given above except for the television set). See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a>. VisualInformationBearingThing