]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. Volt The basic unit of electrical potential in the MKS system. It is defined as one watt per ampere. volt volts 1 2 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-volt-noun-1 arityMin A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> for specifying the minimum number of arguments a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV0LVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VariableArityRelation</a> must take if the resulting formula is to be semantically well-formed. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSjE8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arityMin</a> RELN N)</code> means that semantic well-formedness requires that <code>RELN</code> take at least <code>N</code> arguments at a time. More precisely: a formula <code>(RELN ARG1 ... ARGM)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code>M</code> is greater than or equal to <code>N</code>. For example, the minimum-arity of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a> is 1. Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWotlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arityMax</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a>. Arity Min seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI Volt The basic unit of electrical potential in the MKS system. It is defined as one watt per ampere. volt arityMax A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv09GqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetaRelation</a> for specifying the maximum number of arguments a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV0LVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VariableArityRelation</a> can take if the resulting formula is to be semantically well-formed. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWotlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arityMax</a> RELN N)</code> means that semantic well-formedness requires that <code>RELN</code> take at most <code>N</code> arguments at a time. More precisely: a formula <code>(RELN ARG1 ... ARGM)</code> is semantically well-formed only if <code>M</code> is less than or equal to <code>N</code>. For example, the maximum-arity of any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a> is 2. Note that full semantic well-formedness requires obeying argument-type constraints (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV3kTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgTypePredicate</a>) as well as arity constraints. For a general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSjE8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arityMin</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">arity</a>. Arity Max metric system SIUnitOfMeasure A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rFsTMCN5IQdeQDYFDIPGpUQ" class="cyc_term">InternationalUnitOfMeasure</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r5bY49vXYQdeeN5M_3AUkvA" class="cyc_term">SIUnitOfMeasure</a> is a unit of measure which is officially included in the International System of Units (aka SI, for "Systeme International"), as decreed by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. SI has seven base units (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rcFYXeACxQdiMgeuQXQwY_g" class="cyc_term">SIUnitOfMeasure_Base</a>): <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjRp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi5sJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kilogram</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ampere</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVixP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kelvin</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rFH-rqu3rQdaDudorYXNxsg" class="cyc_term">Mole_ChemicalCountUnit</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4roInn2PQaQdeRcd92sHu4ZA" class="cyc_term">Candela</a>. Derived units are those that can be defined algebraically from the base units or obtained by adding a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViDqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetricUnitPrefix</a> to an SI <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViD7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix</a>. (There is one exception, due to the unfortunate fact that one base unit, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi5sJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kilogram</a>, is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4mZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix</a>. Because multiple prefixes may not be used, in the case of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi5sJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kilogram</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViDqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetricUnitPrefix</a>es are used with the unit name <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gram</a>.) Some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r5bY49vXYQdeeN5M_3AUkvA" class="cyc_term">SIUnitOfMeasure</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjRp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meter</a>, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViK0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Centi</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjRp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meter</a>), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi5sJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Kilogram</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-EJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SquareMeter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjH9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Newton</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjc7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Joule</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Volt</a>. Some notable non-instances are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MinutesDuration</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj0SpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Liter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjl6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MetricTon</a>. (For the looser, more colloquial notion of "the metric system," see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvQ8_hgDUQdiShrUq3B7QDA" class="cyc_term">MetricUnitOfMeasure</a>.) Args Isa argsIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvprxT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArgIsaPredicate</a> (q.v.) that is used to put a specified <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> based argument-type constraint on all of a given relation's argument-places at once. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argsIsa</a> RELN COL) means that semantic well-formedness requires that each argument to which RELN is applied (regardless of argument-place) be an instance of COL. For example, '(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argsIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViArpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlusFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>)' means that the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViArpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlusFn</a> must only be applied to scalar intervals. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argsIsa</a> is particularly useful for constraining (any and all of) the arguments to a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV0LVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VariableArityRelation</a> (the preceding example being a case in point); though <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argsIsa</a> may be applied to fixed-arity relations as well. For an explanation of semantic well-formedness, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJHhhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLExpression_Assertible</a> and its immediate specializations. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWUcG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">argsGenl</a>. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString unit of measure without a prefix A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViD7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix</a> is a unit-of-measure function that is conventionally denoted by a functor that has no multiplicative prefix, such as 'kilo' or 'centi'. Cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4mZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix</a>. For more explanation, see the shared #$NoteForUnitOfMeasureWithPrefixAndNoPrefix. UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix UnitOfMeasureConcept A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rC-8cJgBpEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with unit of measurement functions and the kinds of quantities they return as values. Important specializations and instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>, major specializations or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>, and relations that are important to measurement theory are instances of this collection. unit of measure concept A partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a> comprises the "purely numeric" scalars, and is thus disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a> is either a number of some sort (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>) or a proper interval on the real number line (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rrMRklqndQdiFxe5MQvukaA" class="cyc_term">ProperIntervalOnNumberLine</a>). numeric value NumericInterval Result Isa resultIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rXvscIqPtEdaaZgACs2TnIQ" class="cyc_term">MetaFunction</a> that is used to indicate that any value returned by a given function (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVxAsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Function_Denotational</a>) is an instance of a given collection. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">resultIsa</a> FUNC COL)</code> means that <code>FUNC</code> returns an instance of <code>COL</code> for any sequence of arguments for which <code>FUNC</code> is defined. That is, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (FUNC . ARGS) COL)</code> holds for any sequence <code>ARGS</code> for which <code>FUNC</code> has a value (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkEzFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">valueOfFunctionForArgs</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYiHi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">relationDomain</a>). For example, <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">resultIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViArpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlusFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>)</code> holds, and it entails (e.g.) <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViArpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlusFn</a> 2 2) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>)</code>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">resultGenl</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voltage</a> is the electric potential of an electric force, measured in terms of the amount of work it takes the force to move a charge from one place to another. The standard unit of measure (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>) for <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voltage</a> is the volt (see the constant <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Volt</a>). Voltage voltage OtherUnitOfMeasureInstances-Quantity-Topic other unit of measure instances quantity topic UnitOfVoltage unit of voltage A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfVoltage</a> is a function which returns an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Voltage</a> (q.v.) when applied to a real number (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkIbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubLRealNumber</a>) or a sequence of two real numbers. For instance, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Volt</a> 500) is a voltage of 500 volts. UniversalUnitOfMeasure-Common A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rKoaoJvXZQdeW2Jxj3MarkA" class="cyc_term">UniversalUnitOfMeasure</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rT0Kx9vXYQdeBNpnSy50avQ" class="cyc_term">InternationalUnitOfMeasure_Common</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rEwtyjPXcQdeC94GB00nomw" class="cyc_term">USUnitOfMeasure_Common</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBezGNvXdQdeUdb0KTQhwvA" class="cyc_term">UniversalUnitOfMeasure_Common</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rKoaoJvXZQdeW2Jxj3MarkA" class="cyc_term">UniversalUnitOfMeasure</a> that is used commonly in everyday life and is familiar to the average person (of any country). This is, of course, a vague criterion. A good rule of thumb: If a unit would likely be used in a newspaper article without explanation or definition, it belongs in this collection. Examples are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MinutesDuration</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkAf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WeeksDuration</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjMZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Megabyte</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirPJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Watt</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Barrel_UnitOfVolume</a>. Some non-examples are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjGbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Parsec</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB5bJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Angstrom</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rFH-rqu3rQdaDudorYXNxsg" class="cyc_term">Mole_ChemicalCountUnit</a>. universal unit of measure common