]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. numeral Numeral A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> instances of which are individual abstract characters used as symbols for numbers in some numeric system or other. Instances include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwO9qZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArabicNumeral</a>s '0' through '9' and single-character Roman numerals. Numerals from a given numeric system can normally be combined according to the rules of that system to form numeric character-strings that serve as names of numbers. figure digits numerals numbers figures number digit http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-digit-noun-1 http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-numeral-noun-1 arabic numeral The collection of all Arabic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Numeral</a>s, '0' through '9'. Note that these numerals, despite their name, are not part of the numeric system currently used in the Arabic countries; rather, they appear in the ordinary Western European numeric system. ArabicNumeral seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI numeral Numeral A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> instances of which are individual abstract characters used as symbols for numbers in some numeric system or other. Instances include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwO9qZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArabicNumeral</a>s '0' through '9' and single-character Roman numerals. Numerals from a given numeric system can normally be combined according to the rules of that system to form numeric character-strings that serve as names of numbers. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString character The specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a> whose instances are characters used as writing symbols in some writing system or other. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwA1vh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Letter_Alphabetic</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Numeral</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkIa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RomanLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkHGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ChineseCharacter</a>, and many others. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacter</a> include the Roman letter 'a', the Arabic numeral '1', and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP3qSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PercentSign_TheSymbol</a>. (See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>.) WritingSymbolCharacter quotedIsa A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rDeDIGEW0EdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">MetaLanguagePredicate</a> (q.v.) that relates CycL expressions to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4raOoTci9qEdma4AACs1uxFw" class="cyc_term">SubLExpressionType</a>s (q.v.) of which they are instances. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is thus like a restricted version of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (q.v.), but with one important difference: the first argument-place of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is "implicitly quoted" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHb_bZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">quotedArgument</a>). So a ground atomic sentence of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> THING EXPR-TYPE)</code> does not mean that <code>THING</code> itself is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Rather, such a sentence is partly self-referential, and means that the particular CycL expression appearing in the sentence's own first argument-position is an instance of <code>EXPR-TYPE</code>. Thus, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> provides a convenient shorthand for stating certain things that would otherwise require explicit quotation (or some other device for naming expressions). This is better illustrated with a specific example. Suppose we wish to state that the CycL constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code> is an instance of the CycL expression type #$PublicConstant. We cannot express this with the straightforward <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant)</code>, as that states the falsehood that the IndianOcean itself -- which is not a constant but a body of water -- is a public constant. But we can express precisely what we want like this: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a> #$PublicConstant) . </pre> Now <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4oJWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MacroRelation</a> (q.v.), and by its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjg7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">expansion</a> any given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> sentence is equivalent to some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> sentence with an explicitly quoted first argument. The sentence displayed above turns out to be equivalent to: <pre> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>) #$PublicConstant). </pre> But the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version has two related practical advantages over the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version. First, the former is syntactically simpler than the latter. Second, the simpler syntax of the former makes it easier to browse in the Knowedge Base: while the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> version is conveniently indexed under the KB Browser page for the constant <code><a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a></code>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> version would apparently be indexed under a separate, brand new page for the term <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgGBbEkNuEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">Quote</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViH35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndianOcean</a>)</code>. Generalizing the point, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a> lets us avoid having potentially to double the number of pages currently in the browser. For the semantically more complicated (but rarely encountered) case in which <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rBVVEokNxEdaAAACgydogAg" class="cyc_term">quotedIsa</a>'s first argument-place is filled with an open expression, see the accompanying #$cyclistNotes. Quoted Isa WordNetWorkflowConstant-NotFullyReviewed word net workflow constant not fully reviewed The collection of all <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzSRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLConstant</a>s created from the import of concepts from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtfZxnO-3QdibF4NWtMhnaQ" class="cyc_term">WordNet_Version2_0</a> that have not yet been fully reviewed by a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanCyclist</a>. A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2GzE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterSet</a> is a collection of abstract characters (i.e. a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>). Instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvv4vRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UpperCaseLetter</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hieroglyph</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqt57ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AuxiliaryWritingSymbol</a>. For a more specialized collection-type, any instance of which is the set of characters used in some _particular_ writing system, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkJwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WritingSymbolCharacterSet</a>. character set CharacterSet