]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a> (qq.v.). This is the most general collection of numbers. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> is a number in some sense of the word, i.e. an element of some mathematical structure with at least reasonably conventional notions of arithmetic and ordering. Canonical examples include integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. Some specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi4CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComplexNumber</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjfYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProbabilityInterval</a>. Number-General number numbers http://www.w3.org/2006/03/wn/wn20/instances/synset-number-noun-2 ExtendedRealNumber A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> and a generalization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgdz1yMyGEdmAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">ExtendedRealNumber</a> is the collection of real numbers extended to include two additional instances, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r7uEUtMyHEdmAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">PlusInfinity_Ordinal</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLVyE6MyJEdmAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">MinusInfinity_Ordinal</a>. Extended reals are useful, for example, in measuring the size of an infinite spatial thing, such as a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkGy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Line</a>. extended real number ComplexNumber A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi4CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComplexNumber</a> can be thought of as a vector of two numbers, which are usually called the "real part" and the "imaginary part" of the complex number. Every complex number can be represented as a + ib where i is the square root of negative one (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvx4CzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">I_TheNumber</a>), and a and b are reals (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>). When b=0, the complex number has no imaginary part, and therefore is a real number. When b is not zero the complex number has an imginary part and so it is an imaginary number (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwL5mhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImaginaryNumber</a>). Complex numbers may also be considered as corresponding to points in the real plane, where the x axis determines the real component of a complex number and the y axis the imaginary component. The unit value on the real number line is 1, the unit value on the imaginary number line is the square root of -1, generally written 'i' in mathematics and 'j' in engineering. complex number cardinal number A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all cardinals, finite and infinite. It includes both the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_aZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonNegativeInteger</a>s and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r6vGJrE4UQdmQeuITDfKNGA" class="cyc_term">TransfiniteCardinal</a>s, such as Aleph-0 (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViEspwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PlusInfinity</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgw0fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Aleph_1</a>. Cardinal-Mathematical Number-Extended extended number <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQ-Ffxj-XQdeRMsuOebkIHQ" class="cyc_term">Number_Extended</a> is the collection of all "extended numbers". An "extended number" is either a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkIbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SubLRealNumber</a> or a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rMmdTZD7YQdebcpHFCIlYUg" class="cyc_term">Number_Scientific</a>. PositiveNumber positive number A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>. An instance NUMBER of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a> is also an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2r7MpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveNumber</a> just in case NUMBER is greater than zero. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv2r7MpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveNumber</a> include 42 and 0.17, but not 0 or -5. Pretty String (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> TERM STRING) means that STRING is the English word or expression (sequence of words) commonly used to refer to TERM. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLSVCpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">prettyString</a> is used by the code which generates CycL to English paraphrases, but its applicability is not restricted to this use. prettyString seeAlsoURI <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riWVFR6HJSpaEaHrcWS3MSA" class="cyc_term">seeAlsoURI</a> THING URI)</code> means that a description of the resource identified by URI is likely to contain information pertinent to THING. This predicate is roughly equivalent to rdfs:seeAlso. See Also URI A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a> (qq.v.). This is the most general collection of numbers. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> is a number in some sense of the word, i.e. an element of some mathematical structure with at least reasonably conventional notions of arithmetic and ordering. Canonical examples include integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. Some specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RealNumber</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi4CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComplexNumber</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PrimeNumber</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjfYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ProbabilityInterval</a>. Number-General number UnitOfMeasureConcept A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ret7qgOKgEdmAAAACs6hfSg" class="cyc_term">ConceptTypeByDomain</a> (q.v.). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rC-8cJgBpEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasureConcept</a> are collections and relations having to do with unit of measurement functions and the kinds of quantities they return as values. Important specializations and instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">UnitOfMeasure</a>, major specializations or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a>, and relations that are important to measurement theory are instances of this collection. unit of measure concept A partition of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a> (q.v.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a> comprises the "purely numeric" scalars, and is thus disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rnVZQSiCmEdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">NumericInterval</a> is either a number of some sort (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>) or a proper interval on the real number line (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rrMRklqndQdiFxe5MQvukaA" class="cyc_term">ProperIntervalOnNumberLine</a>). numeric value NumericInterval TimeIndependentCollection time independent collection A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzndCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeIndependentCollection</a> is a collection whose membership cannot change over time. Examples of time-independent collections are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv0YfN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MathematicalObject</a>. By contrast, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwFronJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Supermodel</a> is clearly a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> (q.v.). ObjectType type of object The collection of all collections that are "object-like" in at least one respect. A collection <code>COL</code> is object-like just in case there is some sense of 'part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of <code>COL</code> is not itself an instance of <code>COL</code>; when this happens <code>COL</code> is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of 'part'. More precisely, for a collection <code>COL</code> to be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a> it is sufficient that there be some specialization <code>PARTPRED</code> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> such that, for any <code>OBJ1</code> and <code>OBJ2</code>, if <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ1 COL)</code> and <code>(PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2)</code> both hold, then <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViBBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">isa</a> OBJ2 COL)</code> does not hold. (Also sufficient for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is that there be some specialization <code>INVPARTPRED</code> of the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwgfukKs8QdePzLB9nLNpTw" class="cyc_term">properParts</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWHsNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlInverse</a>) such that <code>(INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1)</code>, with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for <code>COL</code>'s being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in nearly all cases, <code>COL</code> should be considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Here are two examples. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now consider one of the proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">physicalParts</a> of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a>. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVwZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Automobile</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. Consider <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a>. No proper <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWn4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">timeSlices</a> of a year is itself a year. So <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjyV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CalendarYear</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVirnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectType</a>. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVir35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StuffType</a> for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. scalar value ScalarPointValue A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarInterval</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a> is a specific number or quantity, as opposed to a range of numbers or quantities (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rLOwZCvkjQdea-sfI2QK3kQ" class="cyc_term">ScalarProperInterval</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViCW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScalarPointValue</a> include all reals numbers and other <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvxwC-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Number_General</a>s (q.v.), as well as specific instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSGNLQK45EdqAAAACs6hRXg" class="cyc_term">Quantity</a> such as (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjRp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Meter</a> 3) and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SecondsDuration</a> 10). The collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r_4bScKNtQdiVw7XtX-HN0Q" class="cyc_term">ClarifyingCollectionType</a> that are used by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYbXiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">QueryAugmentationApplication</a> to resolve natural language ambiguities. QAClarifyingCollectionType QA clarifying collection type