]> 2009/04/07 OpenCyc Knowledge Base Copyright© 2001-2009 Cycorp, Inc., http://www.cyc.com/, Austin, TX, USA This file contains an OWL representation of information contained in the OpenCyc Knowledge Base. The content of this OWL file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license whose text can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode. The content of this OWL file, including the OpenCyc content it represents, constitutes the "Work" referred to in the Creative Commons license. The terms of this license equally apply to, without limitation, renamings and other logically equivalent reformulations of the content of this OWL file (or portions thereof) in any natural or formal language, as well as to derivations of this content or inclusion of it in other ontologies. Mappings between OpenCyc terms and Wikipedia article names provided by Olena Medelyan and Catherine Legg, University of Waikato, NZ under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. externalID A unique, language-neutral, variable-sized identifier for a concept that can be used to refer unambiguously to that concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. label A natural-language representation for a concept that is both human readable and readable by the Cyc inference engine. These terms are not guaranteed to refer to the same concept across time but are guaranteed to be consistent within a particular OWL export. Use 'cycAnnot:externalID' for unambiguously referring to a concept across OWL exports or across Cyc inference engines. InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic intended audience info topic IntendedAudience-Info-Topic CreditCard credit card A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Fb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Card</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TenderObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjO6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditCard</a> is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjRVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditCardAccount</a> (q.v.) under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjXsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Bill_PaymentRequest</a>), usually with interest. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwK0F6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creditor</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVibIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">agentOwesAgentAmount</a>. SymbolicObject A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKrQNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdCO4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKrQNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a> that has some material part (i.e. is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>), and symbolizes some thing, event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands. Only some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a> have the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-lujZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">primaryFunction</a> of serving as symbols (e.g. national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g. a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker), and/or acquire symbolic associations over time (e.g. Ellis Island). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a> include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1lTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArcDeTriomphe</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEMDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzYFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PyramidOfCheops</a>, a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove. Negative examples include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NationalAnthem</a>s and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBf_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Swastika</a>s projected on walls, because these do not have a material part; for such symbols use the broader collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwKrQNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicThing</a>. icon toneOfInformationThing Tone Of Information Thing The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViytpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">toneOfInformationThing</a> is used to characterize the evaluation made or implied by a particular assertion about something. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViytpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">toneOfInformationThing</a> PROP THING TONE) means that the proposition expressed in the #$ELSentence-Assertible PROP explicitly or implicitly makes an evaluation of THING that has the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AISTypeByEvaluationTone</a> TONE. Some possible values of TONE are: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViy95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveTone</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjlDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeTone</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NeutralTone</a>. For example, a Cyc formula stating that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViJ5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Socrates</a> feels <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViEA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Courageousness_Feeling</a> in the face of his execution can be said to be positive in tone about <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViJ5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Socrates</a>. (Such a formula would utilize <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">feelsTowardsEvent</a>.) A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Instructions</a> is an abstract work that outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed by an agent. Positive examples of instantiations are instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a musical score. Illustrative specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvm-5epwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DirectionsToGetSomewhere</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgC9CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InvestmentGuide</a>. Instructions how-to thing legal form A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StructuredInformationSource</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1osJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Form_StandardizedIBO</a> is an information-bearing object having some standard set of labelled fields; these fields are left blank for the user to fill in with certain items of information (often information pertaining to the user). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1osJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Form_StandardizedIBO</a> often accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Specializations include the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1kFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LeaseDocument</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1P45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DepositSlip</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1pfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InsuranceClaimForm</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Check_TenderObject</a>. Form-StandardizedIBO Info Transferred A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwL4_QpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryRolePredicate</a> that is used to specify some or all of the meaningful content of a particular transferral of information (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWUq7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoTransferred</a> TRANSFER INFO)</code> means that <code>INFO</code> is information (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>) that is transferred due to <code>TRANSFER</code>. <code>INFO</code> originates (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>) from some agent or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> ("IBT") and, after <code>TRANSFER</code>, is had by another agent or is contained in another IBT (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>); <code>INFO</code> may persist in the origin as well. For example, when I read the front page of the newspaper, some information about current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me. infoTransferred InformationUpdating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvucXhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFswJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationUpdating</a> is an event in which the information content of an information bearing object (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>) is altered, either by removing or by adding information. Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFswJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationUpdating</a> are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWQvo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationRemoving</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV4j-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationAdding</a>. updating information A reifiable <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOckfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BinaryFunction</a> that returns the meaningful entities indexed by a particular character string in a Cyc-external information source. More precisely, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzqXjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MeaningInSystemFn</a> INFOSOURCE STRING), applied to the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> STRING and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD_r7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndexedInformationSource</a> INFOSOURCE, returns whatever is indexed by STRING in that system. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzqXjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MeaningInSystemFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzHq75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WordNet_1997Version</a> "N03585958") returns the WordNet `synset' (`synonym set') represented by (rampart|bulwark|wall), meaning "an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes". STRING can have any format chosen by the person who builds the representation of the external system. In addition, STRING may contain arbitrary further characters or information, depending on how the external information is selected and processed. This function makes it possible to relate a concept in an external system to an arbitrarily complicated expression composed of Cyc concepts. If the external concept has a direct, exact mapping to a single Cyc constant, then use the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOKvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">synonymousExternalConcept</a> rather than this function. If there is correspondence only to one Cyc constant, but it is only approximate, use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4MgO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">overlappingExternalConcept</a>. Meaning In System Fn MeaningInSystemFn A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is specific information about one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a> (q.v.), provided by another <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViknpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SocialBeing</a>. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> is wholly intangible, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a> usually have some associated <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj5Z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">issuesCredential</a>. credential Credential Interpretation For Pred WRT Type With String In Arg interpretationForPredWRTTypeWithStringInArg publication PublishedMaterial A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a> is either a conceptual work (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>) with instantiations which have been produced for distribution, or an information-bearing thing (an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>) which has been produced for distribution. Note that "published" here does not mean "printed and physically distributed", since intangible information-bearing things can be published using the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvit1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WorldWideWeb_Concrete</a>, or broadcast on the airwaves. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Book_CW</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjncZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedVideoProduct</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkElZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedSoundProduct</a>. Trophy trophy A collection of objects. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEOvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Trophy</a> is a solid tangible object with a symbolic meaning, awarded to some agent(s) in recognition for winning some competition or achieving some goal. Trophies typically contain (e.g., in engraved writing) the name of the award, date, and name(s) of the recipient(s). Examples: the Heisman trophy, the Americas Cup, an Oscar. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MentalInformation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaiJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SensoryInformation</a> is the propositional content of a mental state in which an animal or other sentient being perceives something. SensoryInformation sensory information recipientOfInfo A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> TRANSFER RECIP)</code> means that the information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code> is received by the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a> <code>RECIP</code>. After <code>TRANSFER</code>, <code>RECIP</code> understands or conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>; Cyc does NOT conclude that s/he <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">knows</a> the information or counts it among his/her <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>, because <code>RECIP</code> might not believe it. In receiving the information transferred, <code>RECIP</code> may be acting intentionally or unintentionally. Note that if the communication event used in the first argument slot of this predicate is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> and the recipient of the information was intended to receive the information by the originator of the communication event (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVwuhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) then <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7XiW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo_Intended</a> should probably be used instead of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWUq7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoTransferred</a>, and the slightly orthogonal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjggpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">intendedAudience</a> (which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvsaaeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_Generic</a>). perceiver topic The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVzuRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">topicOfInfoTransfer</a> is used to indicate what a particular communication is about. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVzuRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">topicOfInfoTransfer</a> TRANS TOPIC)</code> means that <code>TOPIC</code> is a primary topic of the information communicated in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANS</code>. For example, a result reported after an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1YgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BloodTest</a> will contain information about the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1YAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">objectTested</a> (viz., the blood sample); the patient's blood is thus a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVzuRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">topicOfInfoTransfer</a> of that report. topicOfInfoTransfer sign A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi2opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SignTheDisplay</a> is a physical object typically placed where <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>s can see it so that they can obtain (generally propositional) information from it. Signs are typically used to identify objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos), to advertise goods (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales), and to warn of hazards (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, printed tape marking off a police line). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi2opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SignTheDisplay</a> differs from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a> in displaying specific information rather than symbolizing another thing, though the two collections are obviously not disjoint. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDZeOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">signifiesTo</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvX_fqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">signifies</a>. SignTheDisplay StructuredInformationSource structured information source A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwBObNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyIntangibleIndividual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StructuredInformationSource</a> is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computer programs, poems, and novels. StockCertificate A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViXG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1g1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CertificateDocument</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1KJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StockCertificate</a> is a document issued by a corporation (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjQNpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Business</a>) to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVivc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Stock</a> (q.v.) in that corporation. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjDRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">shareholders</a>. stock certificate StillImage still image A collection of visual images. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1_opwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImage</a> is a static visual image. Such images are typically images reflected from, or generated by, objects that don't change in time, e.g. an illuminated photograph. Other examples: images from maps, x-rays, drawings, labels, or any constant projection of light. Command bidding A kind of illocutionary force associated with commanding. When illocutionary act has this illocutionary force, then the speaker intends to have the listener either carry out the action described in the utterance and/or bring about the situation described in the utterance. The speaker in any given instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_CommunicationAct</a> presupposes that s/he has the authority to command those s/he adresses. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>. SoundInformationBearingThing sound information bearing thing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkG_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudibleSound</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4NEApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> is an sound which is audible by, and thereby capable of providing information to, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>. (This information need not necessarily be in propositional form.) This collection does not include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4NEApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a>s that require the use of some sort of electronic device to be rendered in the form of audible sound; thus <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCWK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RadioWave</a> is not a specialization. Genuine specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a>. Note that, despite the use of the word `Thing' in the name of this constant, it refers to the sound alone, not to the thing that makes the sound (e.g. if one's CD player is pumping out music, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a>, not the player). Thus, no one thing can be an instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> (e.g.). A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ScientificFieldOfStudy</a> include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVixcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Chemistry</a>), the life sciences (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVili5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biology</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViFU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Genetics</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi1ipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Toxicology</a>), and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. ScientificFieldOfStudy scientific discipline Inform Statement informStatement A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkSvTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ist</a> (q.v.) that relates a given information context, or "PIT" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>), to any sentence that is true in that context. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVws2JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informStatement</a> PIT SENT) means that SENT is true in PIT: SENT is asserted either in PIT itself or in some more general microtheory MT such that (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlMt</a> PIT MT) holds. informing Informing A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rHIBS0h_TEdaAAABQ2rksLw" class="cyc_term">FirstOrderCollection</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> in which the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> conveys some piece of propositional information--i.e. information of the sort that can be true or false. The information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> is presented by the sender as being true, though it may in fact be false. Thus, passing on misinformation counts as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a>, as do acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViR3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lying</a>. Note that the propositional nature of the information conveyed in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> may be implicit; for example, if Alice asks 'What's your favorite color?' and Bob simply responds 'Red', Bob has implicitly conveyed the proposition Bob's favorite color is red. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Informing</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reporting</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSVeRKEhvQdiNRftUJQEofA" class="cyc_term">Testifying</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXZEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnnouncingSomething</a>. narrative Narrative A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Narrative</a> is an abstract work that recounts a sequence of events (in chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Narrative</a> may be fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a> or instamces of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwHKvgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FictionalCharacter</a>. Important specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViIbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Narrative</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViJb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Novel_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtn4MZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Biography</a>. Communication Token communicationToken A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjvZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationToken</a> COM IBT) means that IBT carries the information transferred in COM and was used to convey that information in COM. IBT may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch (e.g., a staying hand). AnimalSound animal sound A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4NEApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWINv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalSound</a> is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWINv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalSound</a>s include instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwbzppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Birdsong</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXUmc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NeighingSound</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwB6s7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurringSound</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV7CdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BarkingSound</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtaqapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BrayingSound</a>. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; consequently, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWINv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalSound</a> does _not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. Note that this collection is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>, or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj245wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BodyMovementEvent</a>, since it refers to animal sounds themselves, not to the activity of making animal sounds (though events of both types usually accompany one another. See <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmittingSound</a> for the latter.) audio communicating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a> is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpokenCommunicating</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViespwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalCommunicating</a>. AudioCommunicating moving image MovingImage A collection of visual images. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP19XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MovingImage</a> is a visual image which persists while changing over time. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP19XJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MovingImage</a> include shadows of trees swaying in the wind, meteors, film and video images; images produced by light reflected from moving physical objects; images produced directly by a changing pattern of lights (e.g., nautical beacons). Developer Of IBT Type developerOfIBTType An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjs8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntangibleObjectPredicate</a> that relates a given content-specific type of information bearing thing to its creator(s). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">developerOfIBTType</a> IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, or other agents responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvidr35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTContentType</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> IBTTYPE -- which might be a book, a computer program, a type of currency, a flag, etc. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">developerOfIBTType</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycTheCollection</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAUpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lenat</a>) holds. In many cases, IBTTYPE will be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType</a> (q.v.). Note, however, that this predicate has been largely supplanted by the now much more widely-used <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdx3bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">creatorOfCW</a> (q.v.). A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjKoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReferenceWork</a> is a conceptual work providing a more or less non-speculative, "fact-oriented", comprehensive description of some knowledge domain. reference work ReferenceWork Book-CW A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCkMm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookGeneric_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Book_CW</a> is an abstract work intended to be instantiated as a book of some sort. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Book_CW</a> may be intended to be instantiated in any book format: hardcopy (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a>), electronic, audio tape, etc. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Book_CW</a> are usually also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a>, but some may be comprised of mainly non-propositional information, such as images. Note that books with no propositional information (such as certain coloring books) would not be instances of this specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCkMm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookGeneric_CW</a>. book Database-Physical database A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rmUy0ojIYEdaAAACQJ5pZBw" class="cyc_term">StructuredKnowledgeSource</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_Physical</a> is an IBO (either hardcopy or electronic) that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a database involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some functionality for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_Physical</a> is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract "content" of a database, use <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-RqtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_AbstractContent</a>, which is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. For computer programs which deal with databases, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpSND0QrSEdaQqAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">DatabaseProgram</a>. VisualRepresentationMicrotheory A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV8kAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualRepresentationMicrotheory</a> is a context containing the propositional content of a particular visual representation, where visual representations include, among other things, paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, and statues. visual representation microtheory A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFswJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationUpdating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV4j-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationAdding</a> is an event in which information is added to the information content of an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (q.v.). After the action, the instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (which is related to the action by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>)`has' the new information. The resulting information content of that instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV4j-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationAdding</a> include recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding new information to a database. InformationAdding adding information The collection of events in which an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a> deliberately facilitates and does <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjcMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Hearing</a>. ListeningDeliberately listening Synonymous External Concept synonymousExternalConcept <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOKvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">synonymousExternalConcept</a> THING SOURCE STRING)</code> means that as it occurs in the external data source <code>SOURCE</code>, the string <code>STRING</code> denotes <code>THING</code>. Music music A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtisp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Intangible</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a> is a particular sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, and so on. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a> include the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989, a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin, and the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995. This collection is not to be confused with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViDo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalText</a> or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_NP-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MusicalTextCopy</a> (qq.v.), which refer to the represented instructions which musicians often follow in order to create <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj245wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BodyMovementEvent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFjZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingFacialExpression</a> is an event during which the configuration of a particular animal's face changes. Such a change is usually (but not always) associated with the expression of some emotion by the animal in question. MakingFacialExpression making a facial expression iboCreated A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWLaoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">iboCreated</a> CREATION IBO) means that the tangible information-bearing object IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's morning newspaper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event. If the "information-bearing object" generated by CREATION is not a physical object (i.e. an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>), use the less specific predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. Ibo Created A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> is a single-source transmission of information from one sender (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a>) to one or more recipients (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>). Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. CommunicationAct-Single single communication act interpretationForPredWithStringInArg Interpretation For Pred With String In Arg A predicate used to map representational systems into CycL. It is used in lieu of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOKvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">synonymousExternalConcept</a> when the system uses strings rather than terms to denote some concept, a common practice in rdf-based representations that treat relations as having 'domains' (whose objects are typically represented using terms of the representation language) and 'ranges' (frequently represented using strings, uninterpreted symbols, numerals, and floats). For example, a system <code>SYS</code> might represent that a particular object <code>OBJ</code> is blue with a triple, '<code>REF color "blue"</code>' where '<code>REF</code>' represents <code>OBJ</code>, '<code>color</code>' represents the color relation, represented in CycL as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r45WD6H7_EdaAAAABAjVgzA" class="cyc_term">mainColorOfObject</a>, and the string "blue" represents the color blue. In order to map this example into Cyc, we would add a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOKvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">synonymousExternalConcept</a> assertion associating the SYS terms <code>REF</code>, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rp1d_6jlbEd2AAADggVbxzQ" class="cyc_term">interpretationForSystemString</a> assertion associating "blue" with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rSZ2UjHS_EdaAAACgyZzFrg" class="cyc_term">BlueColor</a>, and an assertion of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r82vlsDl5Ed2AAADggVbxzQ" class="cyc_term">interpretationForPredWithStringInArg</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r45WD6H7_EdaAAAABAjVgzA" class="cyc_term">mainColorOfObject</a> SYS color 2)</code> where the integer 2 indicates that <code>color</code> takes a string in its second argument. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNgIyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClassificationSystem</a> is an agreed-upon or conventional classification system consisting of several <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvubaMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConventionalClassificationType</a>s (q.v.). In such a system, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the classificatory categories. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNgIyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClassificationSystem</a>s include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, and calendar systems. conventional classification system ClassificationSystem order A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Requesting_CommunicationAct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which an agent orders one or more other agents to do something. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipOJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_CommunicationAct</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYeyc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Ordering_MilitaryCommunicationAct</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvmvc3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AssigningAgentToRole</a>. Ordering-CommunicationAct Symbolizes symbolizes <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">symbolizes</a> SYMBOL OBJ)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a> <code>SYMBOL</code> represents the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a> <code>OBJ</code> to some interpreting agent. For example, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">symbolizes</a> (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi2t5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NationalAnthemFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVimZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Canada</a>) <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVimZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Canada</a>) is true because the Canadian national anthem represents Canada to many interpreters (for example, most Canadian citizens). Note that a given instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SymbolicObject</a> may represent different things to agents in different cultures, so that assertions involving <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">symbolizes</a> can be highly context-dependent. ist-Information Ist-Information An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkSvTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate</a> (q.v.) and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ist</a> (q.v.). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjRzpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ist_Information</a> PIT SENT) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> (q.v.) expressed by SENT is part of the explicitly-stated (as opposed to the merely inferred) informational content of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> PIT. This does _not_ entail that SENT itself is asserted either in PIT (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwM0FN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ist_Asserted</a>) or in some more general microtheory PIT-GENL whose content PIT inherits (via the inverse of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">genlMt</a>); but it does entail that either (i) a sentence SENT-PRIME that has the same informational content (i.e. expresses the same proposition) as SENT is asserted in PIT or in some PIT-GENL or (ii) SENT is a conjunction each conjunct CONJi of which is such that there is some sentence with the same informational content as CONJi asserted either in PIT or in some PIT-GENL. Requesting-CommunicationAct requesting A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Requesting_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which one agent requests something of one or more other agents. Requests are typically followed by responses. A collection of microtheories; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB8IZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy</a> is one of those fields of study affiliated with the liberal arts, which includes fields expected to be known to some degree by all educated people, but excluding most specialized knowledge taught in professional schools. Examples: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB9KpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">History_FieldOfStudy</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB9LpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtHistory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhilosophyModern</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>. liberal arts field LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy Visa-Permit visa A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalAgreement</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVr0WpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Visa_Permit</a> is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVr0WpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Visa_Permit</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">H1WorkVisa</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViSIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">F1WorkVisa</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViSZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GreenCard</a>. positive tone PositiveTone A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> and an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AISTypeByEvaluationTone</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViy95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveTone</a> represents the attitude implied by judgments which praise, commend, celebrate, or applaud their subjects. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which information is recorded, using an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationRecordingDevice</a>. Every <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationRecordingProcess</a> produces an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>. Specializations include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvaFsAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SavingAFile</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkIepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioTapeRecording</a>. InformationRecordingProcess recording BankDebitCard A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Fb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Card</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjEcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TenderObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1JIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BankDebitCard</a> is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjGx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BankAccount</a> with which the card is associated. It is typically used to withdraw funds from the account. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjO6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditCard</a>. debit card connotes connoting (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV2xX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">connotes</a> OBJ-1 OBJ-2 DEGREE) means that as a consequence of perceiving or thinking about one thing (OBJ-1), a typical sane intelligent perceiving agent would likely think of another thing (OBJ-2) with a strength of association indicated by DEGREE. E.g., (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV2xX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">connotes</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBgoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GermanNaziParty</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvb_h55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Prejudice</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVif6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">highAmountOf</a>). This predicate is sometimes symmetric, but often not. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVsq25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">typeConnotes</a>. Information Origin informationOrigin A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvn69UJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationTerminal</a> (q.v.) that is used to indicate the source of information for a particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> (q.v.). <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> TRANSFER ORIGIN)</code> means that the information being transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code> comes from <code>ORIGIN</code>. <code>ORIGIN</code> is either an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> or an agent. Note that if <code>ORIGIN</code> still exists after the ending of <code>TRANSFER</code>, it presumably also still contains the information that was transferred. MakingAGesture The collection of acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> done by an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a> (including <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>s are not considered to be gestures (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVid9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAnOralSound</a> for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a> is NOT a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>; at most, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a> is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">subEvents</a> of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>. (But note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a> IS a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.) gesturing A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which at least one instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9p3wpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DevisedPracticeOrWork</a> is brought into existence. Examples include the invention of the game chess, the invention of the sport basketball, and the cultural event in which monetary exchange originated. Cf. the more specialized collection, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTUOK-GaPEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. DevisingAPracticeOrWork devising a practice or work A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAsXo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Observing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjwtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvneYtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Perceiving_Voluntary</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event involving the deliberate direction of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjwtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualPerception</a> on the part of an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>. See also the specialization, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtZe3_JeNQdeFEpWcn6VbTA" class="cyc_term">EyeContact</a>. WatchingSomething watching (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjdIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">acknowledgedAct</a> ACKACT COMACT) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Acknowledging_CommunicationAct</a> ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to a motion. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkFuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">acknowledgementOf</a> which refers to the abstract content of the communication. acknowledgedAct Acknowledged Act A binary predicate that relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a> IBT OBJ)</code> means the object <code>OBJ</code> is depicted by the visual information source <code>IBT</code>. For example, Mount Everest is visually depicted by a photograph of it, and (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrL4LJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PietaStatue_Michelangelo</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViyXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">JesusOfNazareth</a>) is true. visuallyDepicts Visually Depicts Writing writing A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViN65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanActivity</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2ZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationGeneratingAct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a> is an action in which some text is produced, either via writing by hand or writing with a machine, such as a typewriter or a computer. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a> could be a single episode of writing, or a discontinuous series of episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a> is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, because in some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a> there is not a successful transfer of information to another agent. A collection of abstract (intangible) objects consisting of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr_MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Accreditation</a> is a credential, issued to an organization by the appropriate authority, that declares the issuer's approval of the quality of the recipient's activities. For example, accreditation of an educational organization to offer a kind of degree or training; or accreditation of a hospital to offer medical services. Accreditation accreditation NeutralTone A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> and an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AISTypeByEvaluationTone</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NeutralTone</a> represents the attitude implied by judgments which neither seriously disparage nor seriously praise their subjects. neutral tone A collection of credentials. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi7jZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CertificationOfWorkExperience</a> is an (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a particular person has performed a certain amount of work of some kind. Such information might be embodied in a letter, a form, or a verbal statement issued by the authority. certification of work experience CertificationOfWorkExperience containsInformationAbout An <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViDzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ObjectPredicate</a> and specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjyAIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">topicOfIndividual</a> that relates a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> (q.v.) to the thing(s) it contains information about. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVip_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformationAbout</a> INFOSTORE THING)</code> means <code>INFOSTORE</code> is at least in part "about" <code>THING</code>. <code>THING</code> might be any sort of thing at all. For instance, <code>THING</code> may be an individual, as in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVip_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformationAbout</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwUtUdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheTorontoStar_TheNewspaper</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjihZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CityOfTorontoOntario</a>); or <code>THING</code> might be a collection, as in (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVip_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformationAbout</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rva0RQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PokemonWorld_WWWSite</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwI_EnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PokemonCharacter</a>). This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that <code>THING</code> be explicitly referred to in <code>INFOSTORE</code>, or that it be the main topic of <code>INFOSTORE</code>. (For cases where <code>THING</code> is the main topic, use the more specific <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNzsl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformationAbout_Focally</a>.) On the other hand, note that an information store's containing information about a given collection or set is generally not a sufficient condition for its containing information about any particular elements of that collection or set. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>, which relates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s to the information (in the form of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>s) they contain. containing information about unpublished text NonPublishedText A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a>, and thus of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (IBO). Each instance of this collection is (a physical copy of) a text that has not yet been published. It may have been rejected for publication (e.g. a rejected book manuscript) or it may not be intended for publication (e.g. a memo or personal letter). It is, of course, disjoint with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a>. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Requesting_CommunicationAct</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVitwpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RequestingInformation</a>, an agent asks a question or requests some information. See also the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IllocutionaryForce</a> associated with this action, #$Query. inquiring RequestingInformation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViOtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeneralizedTransfer</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> is an event in which information is transferred from a source (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>) to one or more destinations (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a>), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvucXhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferPhysicalEvent</a>. information transfer InformationTransferEvent (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWLq2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoRemoved</a> CHANGE INFO) means that in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFswJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationUpdating</a> action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>) acted on. information removed infoRemoved insignia Insignia A collection of symbolic objects. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQ_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Insignia</a> is a visual configuration conventionally associated with some organization, person, or other agent. Elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQ_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Insignia</a> include monograms, company logos, devices of heraldry, totems, the official seals of universities, etc. Memory memory A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MentalInformation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Memory</a> is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past. Card card An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWXYgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ExistingObjectType</a>, and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Fb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Card</a> is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff -- usually cardstock paper, although it could be plastic or thin metal -- bearing some kind of information. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Fb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Card</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjO6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreditCard</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BusinessCard</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyMSx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PostCard</a>. Note that electronic objects that perform the same functions as some instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Fb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Card</a> (for example, electronic greeting cards) are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Fb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Card</a>. A collection of credentials. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HealthCertificate</a> is the (abstract) declaration, by the appropriate authority, that a particular person (or other animal) is in good health. Typically a health certificate is embodied in a document issued by the authority. HealthCertificate health certificate HardcopyInformationBearingObject physical information bearing object The "collection-intersection" (and thus a common specialization) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdCO4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> (qq.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a> is an human-created <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (IBO) in a "hard" format (e.g. written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone) that humans can obtain information from by viewing (if there is sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic device. In many cases the information is encoded in visual symbols, whose <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj0P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a> must be understood by anyone who would access the information. For example, the information may be stored as English text. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a> include: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a Picasso painting, and a hardcopy of a map with no text on it. Note that this collection does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic media such as tape or disk (as the information they bear is not directly accessible to someone viewing them) or Braille books (as they are not instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a>, whose information content must be accessed visually). speaking SpokenCommunicating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpokenCommunicating</a> is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by spoken words between two or more agents (in this way <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpokenCommunicating</a> differs from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speaking</a>, which is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SingleDoerAction</a>). The communication may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpokenCommunicating</a> include a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion, and the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCayZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GettysburgAddress_Speech</a>. Overlapping External Concept A predicate for mapping terms from an external data source to closely related concepts represented in Cyc. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4MgO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">overlappingExternalConcept</a> THING SOURCE STRING)</code> means that in the external data source <code>SOURCE</code>, the meaning of <code>STRING</code> has significant semantic overlap with <code>THING</code>. overlappingExternalConcept visual information source A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjSBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact_Generic</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>s may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> produce instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> (which, unlike instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>, are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_W6CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageSource</a> -- sources of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> given above except for the television set). See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBjlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">visuallyDepicts</a>. VisualInformationBearingThing identification card IDDocument A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViXG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a>. Each instance of this collection is an officially sanctioned credential for identifying some person or physical object. Important subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IDDocument</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr9WJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Passport</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwpyeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PersonalCheck</a>. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> or an antique. complaint Complaint work of art A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdCO4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkH_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artifact</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> is a physical object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, quilt, or stained glass composition. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> does not include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, but its instances need not have any propositional content. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a> include the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEMDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a>, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwMcZI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Artist</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">artisticWorksCreated</a>. ArtObject A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViXG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a> is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property, etc.). <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViXG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a>s are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by relevant institutions (as with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr9WJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Passport</a>s or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1KJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StockCertificate</a>s), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViXG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BirthCertificate</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPvGh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TaxReturn</a>s, insurance policies, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1Ks5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PostageStamp</a>s, receipts, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1jBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PackingSlip</a>s and student ID cards. A notable specialization of this collection is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwRPow5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalDocument</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvbpXLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocumentType</a>. official document OfficialDocument A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwRPow5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LegalDocument</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViQPpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IDDocument</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr9WJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Passport</a> is a document issued to a person by the government of a country of which s/he is a citizen, in order to identify that person as a citizen of that country while s/he is travelling outside of its borders. It can also be used for ID purposes back home. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQr9WJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Passport</a>s typically expire after a set period of time and require renewal. Countries generally allow only one valid passport per citizen. passport Passport MultiDirectionalCommunication dialog A collection of complex information transfer events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a> is an event in which more than one agent plays the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rt4Hz8rsOQdiUO4DMdSL3eA" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a> role. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVo0U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoContributed</a> is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. The collection of all databases considered as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-RqtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_AbstractContent</a> may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_Physical</a>. Database-AbstractContent abstract database communication A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a> and characterized by one or more <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> sub-events. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>, each <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> event must be intentional on the part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rt4Hz8rsOQdiUO4DMdSL3eA" class="cyc_term">communicatorOfInfo</a>; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the agent playing the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rpBwKLLsPQdiZUP7Z9IOkww" class="cyc_term">infoCommunicatedTo</a> role. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>; rather Romeo (and Juliet, unaware) are engaged in an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWU4VpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Eavesdropping</a>. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a>). Every event belonging to <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjJB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViSEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating</a>); by the type of information involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVihhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAnAgreement</a>); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVix4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Teaching</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjt_5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Negotiating</a>); by the agents involved (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj_IJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntraOrganizationCommunication</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjM8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StageProduction</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. Communicating AISTypeByEvaluationTone AIS type by evaluation tone A collection of collections. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AISTypeByEvaluationTone</a> is an collection of assertions used to specify the general tone of some assertion, group of assertions, or presentation about some topic. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AISTypeByEvaluationTone</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViy95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PositiveTone</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjlDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeTone</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NeutralTone</a>. field of study FieldOfStudy A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a> is a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a> are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViWRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicDepartment</a> (q.v.), although one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViWRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AcademicDepartment</a> may cover several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB9LpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtHistory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViOapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Physics</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi4wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtificialIntelligence</a>. KnowledgeBase kb A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-RqtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_AbstractContent</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjSEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a> is a database (considered as an abstract repository of information rather than a physical storage device) containing knowledge about at least part of the world. A notable specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjSEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycKB</a>, the collection of all Cyc knowledge bases. event in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated IBTGeneration-Replication A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a> is an event in which a new instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a> (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. Gesture A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gesture</a> is a configuration of body parts (usually animal body parts) that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding (whether explicit or instinctive) of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Gesture</a>s may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEMDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a> ). Note that, as defined in <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cyc</a>, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>s producing the arrangement. For representation of the actions, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a>. gesture TextMarking A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextMarking</a> is a visual artifact, a mark or configuration of marks recognizable as text in some writing system. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextMarking</a> include written words, written numbers, sentences, individual letters and numerals, all the text on a piece of paper or in a book, auxiliary marks like punctuation, etc. text marking containsInformation information content A binary predicate that relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> IS INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>, IS. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtEvQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>. For assertions that a given IBT contains information about a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVip_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformationAbout</a> and its specializations. AnimalUtterance-IBT animal utterance A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWINv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalSound</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQahWGFyWEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">SpokenUtterance_IBT</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a> is a sound initially generated by some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Animal</a> speaking or making some sound with his/her/its mouth (note that the sound may or may not have propositional content - i.e. instantiate some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>). If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AnimalUtterance_IBT</a>. Examples: one's spouse's `Good morning'; a child's scream at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart's `Here's looking at you' on the set of _Casablanca_. Note that only the sounds themselves are instances of this collection -- not the activities of making them. This collection is not a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a> (for that, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> and its specializations). specified information bearing thing type SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most cases, instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> should be used instead. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType</a> is a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> and share a primary media form. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType</a> can be created to refer to any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. For example, the collection of all instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> which are instantiations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLgpCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WarAndPeace_TheNovel</a> would be an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType</a>, as would the collection of all instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MovieShowing</a> which are instantiations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCuespwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Jaws_TheMovie</a> (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwCuespwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Jaws_TheMovie</a> were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms', are NOT subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType</a>, although they are subcollections of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Example of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType</a>: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzny5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DimeCoin_US</a>. propositionalInfoAbout A binary <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjs8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntangibleObjectPredicate</a> that relates intangible "information stores" (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>) to the things they are "about". (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">propositionalInfoAbout</a> AIS THING) means that the AIS is or contains propositional information about THING. For instance, AIS might be a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a> with assertions concerning THING or a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> containing information about THING. This relation constitutes a kind of "intentionality" in the philosophers' sense (see e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcM5yJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntentionalMentalSituation</a>), though some would argue that it is only an indirect or derived sort of intentionality in that it always presupposes an underlying intention on the part of some agent(s). Although the notion of a written text or other sort of conceptual work being (propositionally) "about" something is a completely familiar one -- it is regularly appealed to in everyday discourse as well as in academic studies pertaining to meaning or interpretation -- giving a precise analysis of the notion (in the form of necessary and sufficient conditions, e.g.) is a notoriously difficult task, shot-through with controversy. Still, a couple of non-contentious points can be made in this direction. First, it is clear that the information in question must be sufficiently specific to the thing it is "about". That is, in order for AIS to "contain propositional information about" THING it is _not_ sufficient that AIS merely involve general information about the elements of some collection (or set or class) to which THING belongs, but must involve some way of singling-out THING, e.g. by mentioning THING by name or containing a description that uniquely applies to THING. For example, the sentence 'Dogs are carnivores' is too general to be "about" Lassie (though it _is_ arguably about the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dog</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkE9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Carnivore</a>); 'Television's best-loved canine was a collie', on the other hand, is certainly about her. Second, since the information must be _propositional_ (see e.g. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a>), it is also _not_ sufficient that AIS merely contain a term or symbol that specifies or denotes or represents THING; AIS must "say something about" THING. Thus, a mere unannotated list of the names of famous show-biz animals would _not_ be propositionally about Lassie, even though her name would undoubtedly appear on it. Finally, note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkKYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">propositionalInfoAbout</a> does _not_ insist that THING is what AIS is mainly or focally about; thus the selfsame AIS might easily be about several (even many) different things at the same time. Propositional Info About Info Added (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVsDvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoAdded</a> UPDATE INFO) means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> INFO is added to an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (q.v.) in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFswJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationUpdating</a> UPDATE. infoAdded ConventionalClassificationType conventional classification type A collection of collections. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvubaMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConventionalClassificationType</a> is a collection that corresponds to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwNgIyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClassificationSystem</a>) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the category. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvubaMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConventionalClassificationType</a>s include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications in data dictionaries and thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, and named calendar intervals. acknowledgementOf (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkFuZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">acknowledgementOf</a> ACT PIT) means that ACT is an acknowledging act to signify receipt of the abstract information PIT that is being acknowledged and to indicate a response. The ACT may be an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkMAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Accepting_CommunicationAct</a> or a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkF-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Rejecting_CommunicationAct</a>, or several others. Some may be combinations, e.g. David may accept part of #$Wanda's order (say the part about cleaning the kitchen) but not the other part (say cleaning the bathroom). See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjdIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">acknowledgedAct</a> which relates the two acts directly. Acknowledgement Of Map map A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv9VJcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualArtifact_CW</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Map</a> is a visual conceptual work that represents a region of physical space. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Map</a> represent features such as the following: geographical areas (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViACZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeographicalRegion</a>), topographical features (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjORZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TopographicalFeature</a>), political regions (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjl2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeopoliticalEntity</a>), climate zones (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi19pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ClimateCycleType</a>), human artifacts (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConstructionArtifact</a>), population densities (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">populationDensity</a>). Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjntJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Map</a> are physically instantiated in map copies (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdOOfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MapCopy</a>), which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVip-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalDegree</a> is a credential conferred by some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalOrganization</a> on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVip-pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EducationalDegree</a> includes as instances high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees. degree EducationalDegree A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVik0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MaterialHandling</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarkingOnASurface</a> is an event in which visible markings are placed on a surface by an agent (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Agent_PartiallyTangible</a>). The marking may be done by adding material to a surface (as in instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjTRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_Activity</a>) or removing material from a surface (as in instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP2EIZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EngravingEvent</a>). MarkingOnASurface marking A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCA9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">WavePropagation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4NEApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a> is a wave propagation event that carries information for interpreters who understand its conventions. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4NEApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOJpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Music</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQahWGFyWEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">SpokenUtterance_IBT</a>. information bearing wave propagation InformationBearingWavePropagation MonochromeImage A collection of visual images. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonochromeImage</a> is an all grey-scale or otherwise monochrome visual image. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVv6QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BlackAndWhiteImage</a> is a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonochromeImage</a>. Some images, e.g. some infrared images, are in varying shades of red. These would be elements of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonochromeImage</a> but not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVv6QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BlackAndWhiteImage</a>. monochrome image license License-LegalAgreement A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViv2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Permission</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwDMLb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_IBO</a>), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViu3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">License_LegalAgreement</a> include: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVizd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TrainEngineerLicense</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViy7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DriversLicense_LicenseAgreement</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVizrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PestControlLicense</a>. AspatialInformationStore information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r6-GNDEkIQdeTPvxS8JnCLA" class="cyc_term">AspatialThing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjj45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IntangibleIndividual</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> is the collection of all information stores that have no spatial location. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi3N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FieldOfStudy</a>. Although no instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> has a spatial location, some instances can have multiple spatio-temporal "embodiments". For example, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJaXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BookCopy</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtEvQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInfoPropositional_IBT</a>); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Proposition</a> as their content (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>). reflection Reflection-Visual A collection of visual images. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBpz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reflection_Visual</a> is a visual image produced by the reflection of light from a surface. communicationTarget The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVwuhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a> is used to indicate an intended recipient in a communication act. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVwuhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a> COMM AGENT) means that the agent who originates the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> COMM intends the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a> to be AGENT. Note that AGENT may or may not receive the information contained in COMM. To indicate both that AGENT is an intended recipient of COMM, and that AGENT actually receives the information contained in COMM, use the more specialized predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7XiW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo_Intended</a>. intended recipient of communication encryption A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvc5Ho5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Encoding</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWCZb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Encrypting</a>, a transformation is applied to the information in some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, with the intention of making that information inaccessible to all but the intended audience for that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (the intended audience, in almost all cases, will have a decryption method which will allow it to transform the information back into an accessible form). Encrypting A collection of fields of study. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB8KZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy</a> is a specialized body of knowledge about the design of useful objects or structures. Examples: <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQB8OJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArchitecturalDesign</a>, commercial art studies, industrial design. AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy applied design Sculpture A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>. Each instance of this collection is a tangible three-dimensional work of art. Buildings are not included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVis2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sculpture</a> include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Example instances: the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEMDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StatueOfLiberty</a>, the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzry5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MountRushmoreMonument</a>, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvg_ko5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Parthenon</a>, the Buddhas at Longan. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgDFlZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sculptor</a>. sculpture A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of this collection is an action that conveys information to the effect that the performing agent has received some prior <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a> (which was performed by another agent). An example is Joan saying, `I hear you' in response to Bette's exclaiming, `What a dump!' Note that acknowledging can be implicit; for example, one can acknowledge a question by answering it. Acknowledging-CommunicationAct acknowledgment creation of an information-bearing object A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvpKVWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhysicalCreationEvent</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> is an event in which an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (hereafter IBO) is created. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a> include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, and minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original, be copied from a prior <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, or be instantiated from an existing <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWLaoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">iboCreated</a>. IBOCreation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYcfcNtvvQdiGkqL51MjX4Q" class="cyc_term">Catalog_CW</a> is an abstract work intended to be instantiated as a catalog (documents that list and describe types of items systematically) of some sort. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYcfcNtvvQdiGkqL51MjX4Q" class="cyc_term">Catalog_CW</a> may be intended to be instantiated in any catalog format: hardcopy (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4riKcTmtvuQdiFdZMV7GY81g" class="cyc_term">CatalogCopy</a>), electronic, etc. Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rYcfcNtvvQdiGkqL51MjX4Q" class="cyc_term">Catalog_CW</a> are usually also instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> , but some may be comprised of mainly non-propositional information, such as images. catalog Catalog-CW still image microtheory A collection microtheories; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkE5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImageMicrotheory</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBnvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StillImageMicrotheory</a> is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular (two-dimensional) still image, such as a photograph, painting, or drawing. StillImageMicrotheory A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv4NEApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingWavePropagation</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkL2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualImage</a> is an event in which visible light is generated in a particular pattern, which (does or might) contain information for an observer. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some tangible object -- a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a> (such as a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified (among other ways) by features of their appearance (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ColorImage</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVv6QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BlackAndWhiteImage</a>), by their origin (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1pzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">XRayImage</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgC8X5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PenOrPencilDrawing</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQtsH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SatelliteImage</a>), or by their content (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBe0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LandscapeImage</a>). image VisualImage A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvn69UJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationTerminal</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwAyrYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">to_Generic</a> that is used to indicate where information is transferred in a given <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVipxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationDestination</a> TRANSFER DESTINATION)</code> means that in <code>TRANSFER</code>, the information being transferred is sent to, given to, or impressed upon <code>DESTINATION</code>. <code>DESTINATION</code> is typically either an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (at least upon the completion of <code>TRANSFER</code>, if not before) or an agent; but note that in the latter case one would normally use the more specific predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>. information destination informationDestination A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvr582pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmittingAWave</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmittingSound</a> is an event in which some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvpmpZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sound</a> is emitted from some wave source (see the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv_iFl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">waveSource</a>). Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EmittingSound</a> include an explosion generating a sound wave, a plucked violin string resonating, a baby crying, and a person saying `Hello'. EmittingSound sound emission MakingAnOralSound The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVid9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAnOralSound</a> means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997 vocalizing Spreadsheet A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrtS6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBT</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StructuredInformationSource</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViX1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Spreadsheet</a> is an information-bearing thing that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns so that people can view it. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj7fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpreadsheetProgram</a> (q.v.) such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViw7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Lotus123</a> onto a computer screen or hardcopy device. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet. A database [see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVidEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_Physical</a>] that holds the information from which the spreadsheet is generated is not an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViX1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Spreadsheet</a>. spreadsheet A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Credential</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Recommendation</a> consists of a statement by some agent about the qualities of another agent, product, program, or activity. Examples: a letter of recommendation for graduate school; a reference letter for a jobseeker; or a product endorsement. Recommendation recommendation A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> is an event in which some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (hereafter IBT) is generated, where the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of any previously created IBT. IBTGeneration-Original generation of an original information bearing thing A collection of certifications. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjxHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CertificationOfCompetence</a> is the (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a person is competent to perform a certain kind of job or task. Such a certification may be embodied in a written document, oral testimonial, or personal recommendation. CertificationOfCompetence certification of competence negative tone A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> and an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjhqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AISTypeByEvaluationTone</a>. The collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjlDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NegativeTone</a> represents the attitude implied by judgments which are critical, derisive, disparaging, or insulting about their subjects. NegativeTone IBTCopying A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWYG5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> is an event which generates some new instance or instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> by copying the information and format from a source <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>). The new instance(s) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. A positive example of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWYG5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> would be a person producing a hand-written copy of a newspaper story, where the copy is in the same language as the story, and the format of the story (e.g., the ordering of the paragraphs) is not changed. Negative examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWYG5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> would be a person producing a translation of the newspaper story, or a person producing a document in which the paragraphs of the story are extensively rearranged. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWYG5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTCopying</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvzyGRpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CopyingAComputerFile</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjmlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhotocopyingADocument</a>. See also the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvjI9pZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">copyProduced</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwE71NJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">itemCopied</a>. duplication of an Information Bearing Thing IllocutionaryForce illocutionary force The collection of illocutionary force attributes held by illocutionary acts. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IllocutionaryForce</a> is a specialized component of a communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is addressing to understand, and respond to, the situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although the content of an illocutionary act can be represented propositionally, they are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically communicated by inverting subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces which would be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IllocutionaryForce</a> for that culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although in this comment <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IllocutionaryForce</a> is explained in terms of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVqYY5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">recipientOfInfo</a>. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. In <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViqDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycL</a>, illocutionary forces can be related to communication acts having some propositional content, via #$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing formulas expressing the information transferred in an illocutionary act with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViN35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">componentIF</a>. information-bearing thing InformationBearingThing A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (or "IBT") is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel Moby Dick; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjbE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycProgram</a>. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ArtObject</a>). An important specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj27ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangible</a>s). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv8RaTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and from those of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYyDjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). For instance, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv65Pt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextString</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSZiGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualPCW</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a "category error". Also note that events in which information is transferred (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a>) are not considered instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">actors</a>) some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjIvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoundInformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. mtImageDepicts The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBU4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">mtImageDepicts</a> is used to determine things represented in images, on the basis of the information content of the image. For this purpose, the content of an image is represented as an abstract, propositional thing--an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkE5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImageMicrotheory</a> (which is a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (q.v.)). (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBU4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">mtImageDepicts</a> IMT OBJ) means that the image(s) which have the information content IMT depict the object OBJ. Those images may be still or moving images. IMT is an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkE5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImageMicrotheory</a>. OBJ is an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjpUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpatialThing</a>, which includes both tangible objects and physical events. One usage of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBU4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">mtImageDepicts</a> is for the description and representation of particular images; e.g., an image with the content `Roy Rogers is riding Trigger' depicts Roy Rogers and depicts Trigger. Another usage of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBU4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">mtImageDepicts</a> is in inference rules about the content of images. For example, using a series of common sense inferences, we conclude that an image with the content `a cowboy [is] on his horse' probably also depicts some instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVixhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OutdoorLocation</a>. Mt Image Depicts visual communication VisualCommunicating A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVik_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualCommunicating</a> is an action in which information is transmitted by visual media. Every instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVik_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualCommunicating</a> has at least one <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjvZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationToken</a> (q.v.) which is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Examples of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVik_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualCommunicating</a> include: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals. NonVerbalCommunicating A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a> is a transmission of information that is not in the form of language. Thus spoken, written, and sign-language communications are excluded. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjOAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ShakingHands</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQrdsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cuddling</a>. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a> is not a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonVerbalCommunicating</a>, since instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a> are merely information-encodings, upon which communication (even verbal communication, in the case sign-language) might or might not occur). non-verbal communication The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IDNumber</a>s or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD_r7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndexedInformationSource</a> associated with that term. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD_r7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndexedInformationSource</a> has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD_r7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndexedInformationSource</a> is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjKWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjKZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thesaurus</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-RqtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Database_AbstractContent</a>, or a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjSEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a>. Some examples that do not qualify are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Painting_ArtForm</a>, or a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwD_r7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndexedInformationSource</a>. IndexedInformationSource indexed information source Cyc image microtheory A collection of microtheories; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV8kAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualRepresentationMicrotheory</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkE5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ImageMicrotheory</a> is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular two-dimensional visual image. That includes both still images and moving pictures. Images which are approximately two-dimensional (such as friezes) may also be described with an image microtheory. ImageMicrotheory A collection of artifacts; a subset of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEO8ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Model_Artifact</a> is a tangible object designed to resemble and/or represent some other object, which may or may not exist tangibly. For example, an architectural model for a proposed public building; a souvenir model of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvyXliZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TheWhiteHouse</a>; a scale model of a dinosaur skeleton; a miniature room and furnishings copying a real house. The function, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEPOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModelFn</a>, is used to designate the collection of models of a collection of objects. Model-Artifact model PIT Of IBT Fn An instance of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj62ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IndividualDenotingFunction</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAApwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReifiableFunction</a>. Given as its argument a particular instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (q.v.), <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWhSt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a> returns the information content of that thing. The object returned is an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (q.v.). Thus, (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWhSt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a> IBT) is the abstract, propositional chunk of information that is represented in IBT. For example: if IBT is MyCopyOfPsalm23 (a particular printed copy of Psalm 23), then (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWhSt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a> MyCopyOfPsalm23) is the propositional content of Psalm 23. PITOfIBTFn decryption A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwLbAhJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Decoding</a>. In each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWWbSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Decrypting</a>, a transformation is applied to the information in an encrypted information-bearing object (see the collections <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWCZb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Encrypting</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>) so that the information is rendered into a readily accessible form. Decrypting A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVioQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Action</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> is an event which creates some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. The <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWIQRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBOCreation</a>). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. (Thus, see also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> and its specializations, especially <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rTUOK-GaPEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">CWCreation</a>. Two important specializations of this collection are <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2r5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Original</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. See also the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>. IBTGeneration generation of an information bearing thing RecordedSoundProduct <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkElZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedSoundProduct</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvrEATJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AudioRecordedObject</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangibleProduct</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkElZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedSoundProduct</a> is (a particular copy of) a sound recording which is mass-produced -- i.e. it is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. sound recording fingerprint A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5LqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Fingerprint</a> is a mark made when pressure from a manual digit leaves traces of body oils (or ink) on a surface, showing the patterns on the skin of the finger(s) that made them. Fingerprint OrganizationalChart organization chart A collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a>s and a subcollection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj4OZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">StructuredInformationSource</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-fpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OrganizationalChart</a> graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> (q.v.). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2ZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationGeneratingAct</a> is an action that generates visual information (i.e. information of a kind typically accessed via the sense of sight). Specializations of this collection include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2I5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAGesture</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVikupwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DisplayingSomething</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjLvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Writing</a>. If a given visual-information-generating act also involves conveying the information to another agent (i.e. if it is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a>), then it is also a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVik_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualCommunicating</a> (q.v.). Or a visual-information-generating act might be a proper sub-event of a visual-communicating act. VisualInformationGeneratingAct transmission of visual information skin art A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQCbo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Tattoo</a> is a mark made on the skin of a person or other animal, having a pattern formed by scar tissue or by pigment applied in or under the skin. In medical terms, `tattoo' includes marks resulting from accidental tattooing. But typically tattoos are deliberately applied for purposes of identification or decoration. Tattoo singing Singing-Human The collection of all instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rinJNPlxsEdqAAAACs71DGQ" class="cyc_term">Singing</a> performed by one or more humans. InformationBearingObject A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj3cZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> (or "IBO") is a physical object that can be interpreted to yield information. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a> includes: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints or cellular DNA, which may be interpreted to yield information. See the comment on <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> on the importance of distinguishing the many specializations of this collection from the many specializations of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvf9sZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AspatialInformationStore</a> (information which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv8RaTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfAIT</a>) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (conceptual and/or artistic creations which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvYyDjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">instantiationOfWork</a>). An important specialization of this collection (which naturally includes most of the things asserted so far in the Cyc <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjSEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KnowledgeBase</a> to be instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>) is <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvdCO4pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HumanAccessibleIBO</a> -- objects which can be interpreted to yield information by <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Person</a>s. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a>. ibo A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV6pTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration_Replication</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV82u5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTRecoding</a> is an event which generates a new information-bearing thing (i.e., an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>) by taking information from a source information-bearing thing (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV5PA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">informationOrigin</a>), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a>). Instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV82u5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTRecoding</a> may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing information-bearing thing presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>). IBTRecoding event in which an information bearing thing is recorded News news A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjb0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">News</a> consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjNiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">geographicalSubRegions</a> thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts. Note that <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjb0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">News</a> does not include as instances any instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEdlDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NewsArticle</a> (q.v.). Rather, an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjb0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">News</a> might be the content of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEdlDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NewsArticle</a>, and could be the content of distinct <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEdlDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NewsArticle</a>s recorded video product RecordedVideoProduct <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjncZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedVideoProduct</a> is a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PublishedMaterial</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvo74Z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VideoRecordedObject</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEW5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PartiallyTangibleProduct</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjncZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">RecordedVideoProduct</a> is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content. Reading A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvneYtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Perceiving_Voluntary</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reading</a> is an act of reading an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a>. Acts of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjVMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reading</a> may be performed for any of a number of purposes: e.g., in order to extract some sort of information from a text, for entertainment, to impart the content of the text to others (if an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj-6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ReadingAloud</a> (q.v.)), or to test reading skills. A person can read visually (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwEfmi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reading_Visual</a>) or by touch (e.g. reading Braille; see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvoBisZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Reading_Tactile</a>). reading CharacterString character sequence A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note that an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is not any particular physical, tangible representation, since different encodings may represent the same string of characters. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is a list (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtUAU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">List</a>) of characters (instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVzt_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Character_Abstract</a>) from some fixed character set. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> may be any finite length, including zero (the zero-length string is the empty string, which has no characters). Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EMailAddress</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AreaCode</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjs7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PhoneNumber</a>, and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj3pZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TelephoneCountryCode</a>. Note that a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> is ordered formally as a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvtUAU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">List</a> (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a> for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing. Offering-CommunicationAct offer A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationAct_Single</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjrC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Offering_CommunicationAct</a> is a communication act in which somebody offers to do something, furnish something, or make something the case. See also the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IllocutionaryForce</a> associated with these actions, #$Offer. information sender senderOfInfo The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> means that <code>SENDER</code> is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> <code>TRANSFER</code>. At the time of <code>TRANSFER</code> (and typically for some period beforehand), <code>SENDER</code> conceives of the information transferred in <code>TRANSFER</code>. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the 'information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">knows</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">beliefs</a>), because <code>TRANSFER</code> could involve lying (e.g., <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPzTeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">GeorgeWashington</a>'s telling his father, 'I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViPLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">senderOfInfo</a> TRANSFER SENDER)</code> implies that <code>SENDER</code> performs <code>TRANSFER</code> intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to <code>TRANSFER</code> via <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVwuhZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">communicationTarget</a>) that <code>SENDER</code> is attempting to transfer information to via <code>TRANSFER</code>. Of course, <code>SENDER</code> may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent. PropositionalInformationThing pit A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu__KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationStore</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA1ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Microtheory</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> (or "PIT") is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>s. Objects or events which are instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjCQJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">containsInformation</a> (see also the function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWhSt5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PITOfIBTFn</a>). An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjHd5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Mathematics</a>, embodied in many and various sources. A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5L5vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalConceptualWork</a>, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQC9Y5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerFile_CW</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcUMxZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SoftwareObject_Individual</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> is a deliberately created abstract object composed of propositions that together constitute a list of instructions for computers to execute. Example instances include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjYUZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Emacs_TheProgram</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rviFn3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">LinuxKernel_TheProgram</a>. Instances of this collection are distinct from computer code and from both running and installed programs. The instructions that comprise an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> can be expressed as abstract computer code (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIZO5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode</a>), but no list of instructions expressed in code constitutes an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>. Rather, the code in which an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> is expressed constitutes an instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQGTzJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AbstractInformationStructure</a> that can be related to the program it expresses using the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu7HHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programCode</a>. More than one instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIZO5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode</a> can express the same instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a>; for example, a single instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> can be written in source code (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rva7pXZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode_Source</a>) in several different computer languages, or it can be complied as a binary executable (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPrXepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerCode_Binary</a>). A physical instantiation of a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvwE_DpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgramCopy</a> which is an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> and is related to its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> by the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwSiusZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programCopies</a>. An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> that is being executed is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj8AZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProcessRunning</a>, related to its <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwJxiRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ComputerProgram_CW</a> by the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu_4wZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">programOfProcess</a>. computer program ComputerProgram-CW InformationRemoving removing information A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWFswJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationUpdating</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWQvo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationRemoving</a> is an event in which information is removed from some information-bearing object (see the collection <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj2rJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingObject</a>), so that after the event the remaining information content of the information-bearing object is only a proper part of what it started out to be. Notable specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWQvo5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationRemoving</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv-9WepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">DeletingAFile</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv6FfDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">EliminatingAComputerVirus</a>. A binary predicate which relates instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a> to instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvqy9EpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ibtGenerated</a> GEN-EVENT IBT)</code> means that the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> <code>IBT</code> (be it a gesture, a novel, a picture projected on a screen or a computer program copy) comes into existence in, or as an immediate consequence of, the event <code>GEN-EVENT</code>. Ibt Generated ibtGenerated A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1r6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Line_Marking</a> is a visual mark which is relatively long and thin. line-marking Line-Marking A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjaypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MentalInformation</a> is the propositional content of a specific mental state (for example, a memory or a sensory perception) of an individual person. piece of mental information MentalInformation footprint A collection of visual marks. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwPut2pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Footprint</a> is an impression made by a foot of an animal. Footprints may be made in soft earth, clay, concrete, or on paper with paint or ink. Footprints may be made accidentally or on purpose. Footprint A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a> (IBT). Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> is an IBT a significant part of whose informational content is both (i) encoded in some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj0P5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CommunicationConvention</a> (q.v.), usually a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a>, and (ii) represented or displayed in a spatial format. Examples include a copy of a newspaper printed in English using the Roman alphabet, a copy of a book printed in English using Braille, and a poster written in Chinese characters. Condition (i) excludes things like hardcopies of drawings, while condition (ii) excludes things like magnetic tapes containing recorded speech. A piece of textual material always involves one or more spatially-localized representations -- usually physical inscriptions (see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv7vmsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterStringToken_Inscribed</a>) -- of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWEA25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CharacterString</a>s (q.v.). Textual materials are usually tangible objects (such as the examples given above), but are sometimes intangibles like patterns of light projecting words onto walls or screens. Specializations of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> include <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViXG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">OfficialDocument</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjFmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">NonPublishedText</a>. Note that, while there is considerable overlap between <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkEx5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TextualMaterial</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjgDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">HardcopyInformationBearingObject</a>, these collections differ in that the latter both includes IBTs that involve no character-string representations and excludes intangibles of any sort. document TextualMaterial Model Fn The Cyc function <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEPOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModelFn</a> is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAapwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CollectionDenotingFunction</a> which is used to represent models of a certain type of thing. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEPOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModelFn</a> OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all models of objects that belong to the type OBJ-TYPE. For example, all sculptures of horses are elements of the collection (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvgEPOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ModelFn</a> <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViwsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Horse_Domesticated</a>). ModelFn interpretationForSystemString Interpretation For System String A predicate used to map representational systems into CycL. It is used in lieu of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOKvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">synonymousExternalConcept</a> when the system uses strings rather than terms to denote some concept, a common practice in rdf-based representations that treat relations as having 'domains' (whose objects are typically represented using terms of the representation language) and 'ranges' (frequently represented using strings, uninterpreted symbols, numerals, and floats). For example, a system <code>SYS</code> might represent that a particular object <code>OBJ</code> is blue with a triple, '<code>REF color "blue"</code>' where '<code>REF</code>' represents <code>OBJ</code>, '<code>color</code>' represents the color relation, and the string "blue" represents the color blue. In order to map this example into Cyc, we would add a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwOKvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">synonymousExternalConcept</a> assertion associating the SYS terms <code>REF</code>, an <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r82vlsDl5Ed2AAADggVbxzQ" class="cyc_term">interpretationForPredWithStringInArg</a> assertion associating <code>color</code> with its CycL correlate, and an assertion of the form <code>(<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rp1d_6jlbEd2AAADggVbxzQ" class="cyc_term">interpretationForSystemString</a> BlueColor SYS "blue")</code>. Note that this presupposes that "blue" is unambiguous in <code>SYS</code>, which need not be the case. If a string is ambiguous, additional context is needed -- see #$interpretationForSystemStringInContext. The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how. learning event Learning A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjPtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualInformationBearingThing</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVkLmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">VisualMark</a> is a visible marking on some tangible object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen). This collection is not to be confused with <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViNM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MarkingOnASurface</a>, which is the collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViADZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Event</a>s which consist, naturally, in making a mark on a surface. See also the predicates <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIjnh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">marks</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwASO-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">markCreated</a>. VisualMark marking color image ColorImage A collection of visual images. Each element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ColorImage</a> is an image 'in color', i.e., it is not monochromatic but is composed of several colors. Any 'in color' movie being shown on a 'color television' is a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ColorImage</a>. Presumably, a nighttime sequence viewed on such a television would still be an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ColorImage</a> since the context was 'in color' and subtle blues as well as greys would be depicted. An image consisting solely of varying shades of green, such as that seen on many monochromatic oscilloscopes, would be an element of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MonochromeImage</a> not <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwQBqVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ColorImage</a> nor <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVv6QZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">BlackAndWhiteImage</a>. CWCreation creation of a conceptual work A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4ron9v0Y6vEdaFJAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">DevisingAPracticeOrWork</a>. Each instance of this collection is an event in which at least one instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwClAZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">ConceptualWork</a> (related to the instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjeiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CreationEvent</a> by the predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvWStbZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">outputsCreated</a>) is brought into existence. For an analogous collection regarding instances of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. infoContributed Info Contributed The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVo0U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoContributed</a> is used to identify which agent said what in a particular complex communication activity. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVo0U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">infoContributed</a> MULTICOM AGENT INFO) means that in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViRxJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MultiDirectionalCommunication</a> event MULTICOM, AGENT does something that expresses INFO. Note that speaking, writing, or otherwise signalling are all viable methods of `saying'. The (unspecified) thing that AGENT does in MULTICOM generates the message, and INFO is a propositional item expressing the content of AGENT's message. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAqJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PropositionalInformationThing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvXDRVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">IBTGeneration</a>. AccessingAnIBT information-accessing event A specialization of both <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVifB5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationTransferEvent</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVieP5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">PurposefulAction</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjWH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AccessingAnIBT</a> is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some instance(s) of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvkNufpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">InformationBearingThing</a>. Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave one on, or hearing one's roommate ask one to take out the trash. Speaking A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwGayhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Talking</a> (which includes non-verbal talking such as the use of sign-language) and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVid9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">MakingAnOralSound</a>. The collection of actions generating utterances (cf. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rQahWGFyWEdaAAAABAxv-7A" class="cyc_term">SpokenUtterance_IBT</a>) which are speech. Hence, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVi_gpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Speaking</a> normally includes only those utterances using some <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVj0iZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Language</a> as a communication convention, unlike other utterances such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjC-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Booing</a> and <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVixMJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Cheering</a>. It is also a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwP1IRJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SingleDoerAction</a> -- for events where two or more agents are involved in spoken communication, see <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViVN5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">SpokenCommunicating</a>. speaking Language Of Communication The predicate <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViTrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">languageOfCommunication</a> is used to indicate a language used by agents in a particular communication event. (<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViTrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">languageOfCommunication</a> COM LANG) means that in the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Communicating</a> COM, at least some of the information transferred is expressed in the language LANG. LANG may be a natural language, a computer language, a musical system, or other symbolic system such as <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwTv7pJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">AmericanSignLanguage</a>. languageOfCommunication An instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvprlOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">FacetingCollectionType</a> and a specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>. Each instance of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rAmoSCGJbQdiSXZJvYiNhkQ" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopic</a> is a collection of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>s falling under a topic for which some Cyc Vocabulary exists. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a> is neither a strict [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvcZ1FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Strict</a>] nor a covering [<a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv86JWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">facets_Covering</a>] faceting of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>: many <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViA9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Thing</a>s may be instances of no <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>, or of multiple <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rgQsP1F2xEdif1wACs2IMlQ" class="cyc_term">Topic</a>s. cyc vocabulary topic CycVocabularyTopic human beings topic HumanBeings-Topic A <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4r2SZdtGMBQdiOl-Ui2UGs_g" class="cyc_term">CycVocabularyTopLevelTopic</a> and a <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rtGXkHpNaEdqAAAACs0uFOQ" class="cyc_term">KBDependentCollection</a>. InformationAndCWs-Topic information and CWs topic KBDependentCollection KB dependent collection A specialization of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rwIE23ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">TimeDependentCollection</a> (q.v.). This is the collection of all and only those collections <code>COL</code> such that any thing's being an instance of <code>COL</code> depends on the current state of the <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvVjqoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycKB</a>. Such a <code>COL</code> corresponds to a property defined (at least partly) in terms of the contents, features, or implementation of the Cyc Knowledge Base itself, as opposed to a property that "exists out there" in the KB-independent world. For example, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvV281JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLAssertion</a> is a KB-dependent collection, membership in which requires of a given CycL sentence that it has in fact been asserted to the KB. <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvViAoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLSentence</a> is also KB-dependent, as being a CycL sentence requires being composed (ultimately) out of <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvu6KTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">CycLReifiedDenotationalTerm</a>s (and perhaps variables) -- i.e. terms that are currently reified in the KB. Conversely, <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rv5ddsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">Sentence</a> is not a KB-dependent collection. See also <a href="http://sw.opencyc.org/concept/Mx4rvip9N5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA" class="cyc_term">KBDependentRelation</a>.